Understanding Periodontal Disease: Symptoms, Causes and Effective Treatments

Periodontal Disease (Gum Disease)

Periodontal disease is an infection and inflammation of the gums and the bone supporting your teeth. While poor oral hygiene often contributes to it, some people are naturally more susceptible. Common signs include persistent bad breath, bleeding or swollen gums, loose teeth and discomfort when chewing.

Overview

Gum disease develops gradually. As it progresses, the tissues and bone surrounding your teeth break down, eventually causing gum recession and possible tooth loss. Visiting a dental clinic for regular checkups can help detect these issues early. The condition ranges from mild inflammation to severe infection.

Almost half of adults in the United States have some level of periodontal disease, making it a leading cause of tooth loss.

Symptoms and Causes

Typical symptoms include red or purplish gums, swelling, bleeding, soreness, persistent bad breath, unpleasant taste, gum recession, loose teeth and changes in how your teeth fit together.

Healthy gums are firm and do not bleed. In the early stage, called gingivitis, gums may appear puffy and bleed easily. If untreated, the infection can spread deeper, damaging bone and causing tooth instability.

Stages of Periodontal Disease

• Gingivitis: Early inflammation without bone loss. It is reversible with proper care.
• Mild Periodontitis: Bacteria reach deeper beneath the gums, creating pockets where plaque collects.
• Moderate Periodontitis: Ligaments and bone begin to erode. You may notice bad breath or pus near the gums.
• Advanced Periodontitis: Continued bone loss causes teeth to loosen and possibly fall out.

Plaque buildup is the primary cause. Genetics, smoking, diabetes, hormonal changes and autoimmune conditions can also increase risk. The bacteria associated with gum disease can spread through repeated saliva contact, such as long-term kissing.

Untreated gum disease affects more than oral health. It has been linked to conditions such as heart disease, stroke and diabetes.

Diagnosis

Dentists diagnose gum disease during routine exams. They measure gum pockets using a periodontal probe and may take X-rays to check bone loss. In more advanced cases, you may be referred to a periodontist.

Treatment

Gum disease cannot be completely cured once bone loss occurs, but it can be controlled. Gingivitis is the only fully reversible stage.

Treatment options include:

• Professional cleaning and improved hygiene for early cases
• Scaling and root planing to remove plaque under the gumline
• Pocket reduction surgery for deeper infections
• LANAP (laser treatment) as a less invasive surgical option
• Bone grafting, gum grafting and guided tissue regenerationto rebuild lost support
• PRF or PRP therapy to enhance healing using growth factors from your own blood

Outlook and Prevention

With early detection, gum disease is easier to manage. Good oral hygiene, regular dental visits, quitting tobacco and using antibacterial mouthwash reduce your risk. People with genetic or health-related susceptibility may need more frequent cleanings.

If your gums bleed, swell or feel tender, schedule a dental visit promptly. Early treatment helps protect both your oral health and overall well-being.